The process kicked off recently at JPL and will take more than a year. “It’s like all the separate tributaries are finally coming together to form the river,” said Jeff Oseas, product delivery manager for the Coronagraph Instrument’s optical subsystem at NASA’s Jet Propulsion Laboratory in Southern California. Now they have to put the pieces together and run tests to make sure they operate as intended. The Coronagraph Instrument team has already designed the cutting-edge instrument and built the components. The instrument will block the light from each distant star it observes so that scientists can better see the planets around the star, and it will demonstrate technologies needed to eventually study potentially habitable planets with future missions. But to do that they’ll need new tools, like those being tested on the Coronagraph Instrument on NASA’s Nancy Grace Roman Space Telescope. As technologies for studying these worlds continue to advance, researchers may someday be able to search for signs of life on exoplanets that are similar in size, composition, and temperature to Earth. Scientists have discovered more than 5,000 exoplanets, or planets outside our solar system. Putting it together will require a highly choreographed dance. Japanese research teams including those at JAXA are participating in the Roman project through the production of optical elements for the coronagraph, and coordinated observations with ground stations and ground-based observatories.The Coronagraph Instrument on NASA’s Nancy Grace Roman Space Telescope will study planets around other stars. The Roman telescope is additionally equipped with a coronagraph for demonstrating the technology needed for future research on exoplanets, allowing full-scale direct observations of these distant worlds from space for the first time. These wide-field near-infrared observation will be used not only for cosmology and extrasolar planets, but also across a wide range of astronomical research. This allows for high precision measurements of a large number of celestial bodies across a wide stretch of the sky. The Nancy Grace Roman telescope combines a large optical telescope with a primary mirror diameter of 2.4m, which is equal in size as the Hubble Space Telescope, with a wide-field observation instrument that has a field of view about 200 times that of the Hubble infrared camera. To obtain an overall picture of the extrasolar planet population, Roman will seek to observe fluctuations in brightness of hundreds of millions of stars to detect planets on wider orbits through a technique known as gravitational microlensing. The telescope will observe hundreds of millions of galaxies and thousands of supernovae to tackle the mystery of dark energy and the accelerated expansion of the Universe. The Nancy Grace Roman Telescope is being developed by NASA with the aim of launching in the mid-2020s. Moving further forward, it will important to directly observe representative exoplanets to study their properties in detail and to investigate the signs and possibilities for life. How are these planets formed? Do any systems exist that are like our Solar System? To discover this, we need to look at planets on longer orbits beyond the snow line (the distance from the star where water, carbon dioxide and other volatiles can become ice) to give a complete picture of the orbits and distribution of the planets within the Galaxy. But while thousands of extrasolar planets have been discovered to date, the majority of these have orbits relatively close to their star with distances less than the orbit of the Earth around the Sun at 1 astronomical unit (the average distance between the Sun and the Earth). More than 100 billion stars in our Galaxy are thought to host planetary systems, including that of our own Solar System. To gather clues, the expansion rate of the Universe over 10 billion years must be examined very precisely, and the distribution of hundreds of millions of galaxies and dark matter accurately measured, to identify slight features due to the existence and nature of dark energy. The existence of “dark energy” is thought to have caused the Universe to undergo an accelerated expansion, and the details are one of the biggest mysteries of modern cosmology. That expansion is determined by the energy and matter that exist in the Universe. It is known that the galaxies were born from the slight fluctuations in density at the very beginning of the Universe, but their formation, distribution and structure depended on how the Universe expanded. How did the Universe begin, and how did evolve to what we now see? How many planets are out there that are similar to the Earth? These are questions fundamental to not only astronomy, but for the whole of humankind.
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